Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims - FasterCapital (2024)

1. Introduction to Insurance Adjusting

Insurance adjusting is a critical and intricate field that sits at the heart of the insurance industry. Adjusters are the professionals who step in after an insurance event, such as an accident, natural disaster, or property damage, to assess the situation, determine the extent of the insurance company's liability, and help ensure that claimants receive fair and just compensation. Their role is pivotal in bridging the gap between the insurer and the insured, often navigating complex scenarios that require a balance of empathy and analytical rigor.

From the perspective of the insured, an adjuster is a lifeline during times of distress. They are the ones who interpret the often dense and confusing language of insurance policies and translate it into actionable steps towards recovery. For insurance companies, adjusters are the guardians of the firm's financial integrity, ensuring that claims are legitimate and payouts are appropriate.

Here are some in-depth insights into the role and responsibilities of insurance adjusters:

1. Claim Investigation: Adjusters start by conducting a thorough investigation. They review the policy to understand coverage, interview the claimant and witnesses, inspect the property damage, and gather facts. For example, after a car accident, an adjuster would examine the vehicle, check the police report, and talk to any third parties involved.

2. Damage Assessment: The adjuster must then evaluate the extent of the damage. This often involves getting estimates from contractors or using advanced software to estimate repair costs. In the case of a home damaged by a storm, adjusters might work with construction experts to understand the full scope of necessary repairs.

3. Policy Review: Adjusters are tasked with understanding the policy in detail – what it covers, what it excludes, and to what extent. They must apply this knowledge to each claim, which can be particularly challenging with policies that have many exclusions or complex conditions.

4. Claim Determination: After gathering all necessary information, adjusters decide on the claim. They must determine if the policy covers the event, if the claim is valid, and how much the insurance company should pay for the loss.

5. Negotiation and Settlement: Adjusters often negotiate with the claimant or their representative. They must find a settlement that satisfies the claimant while adhering to the policy terms and protecting the insurer's resources.

6. Communication: Throughout the process, adjusters must keep all parties informed. This includes providing updates to the claimant about the status of their claim and explaining the reasons behind decisions made.

7. Fraud Detection: Insurance fraud is a significant concern, and adjusters must be vigilant. They are trained to spot suspicious activity and are often the first line of defense against fraudulent claims.

8. Continuing Education: The field of insurance is always evolving, and adjusters must keep up with changes in laws, regulations, and industry best practices.

An example that highlights the adjuster's role is the aftermath of a natural disaster. Adjusters may be among the first on the scene, assessing damages to hundreds of homes, coordinating with emergency services, and initiating the claims process to help communities start rebuilding.

Insurance adjusters play a multifaceted role that requires a blend of soft skills and technical knowledge. They are the unsung heroes of the insurance world, making difficult decisions daily that affect people's lives and livelihoods. Their work requires not just a keen eye for detail and a solid grasp of legal and financial principles, but also a deep sense of empathy and fairness. As such, they are a crucial component of the insurance ecosystem, ensuring that when disaster strikes, the promise of support and restoration is upheld.

Introduction to Insurance Adjusting - Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims

2. Understanding the Role of an Insurance Adjuster

Navigating the aftermath of an unexpected event can be daunting, especially when it involves filing an insurance claim. This is where the role of an insurance adjuster becomes pivotal. As the liaison between the insurance company and the policyholder, adjusters are tasked with the critical job of investigating claims to determine the insurance company's liability. Their work is a balancing act of assessing damage, interpreting policy language, and ensuring that claimants receive fair compensation within the bounds of their policy coverage.

From the perspective of the insurance company, adjusters are the frontline defense against fraudulent claims and are responsible for safeguarding the company's financial interests. They must meticulously review each claim to ensure that it is valid and that the payout reflects the actual extent of the covered damage. On the other hand, policyholders look to adjusters for guidance through the complex claims process and rely on their expertise to navigate the intricacies of their policy coverage.

1. Claim Investigation: The adjuster's first step is to investigate the claim. This involves visiting the site of the incident, interviewing witnesses, and gathering evidence such as photos and police reports. For example, in the case of a car accident, the adjuster would examine the vehicle damage, check the police report for details, and speak to any witnesses to determine fault and coverage.

2. Policy Review: Adjusters must have a deep understanding of policy language and coverage limits. They review the policy in question to ascertain what is covered and to what extent. For instance, if a homeowner's roof is damaged in a storm, the adjuster needs to determine if the policy covers such damage and whether there are any exclusions or deductibles that apply.

3. Damage Assessment: Adjusters are responsible for assessing the damage to property or persons. They often work with experts like contractors or medical professionals to evaluate the extent of the damage and estimate repair costs. For example, after a house fire, an adjuster might bring in a construction expert to estimate the cost of rebuilding the damaged sections.

4. Claim Resolution: The adjuster then makes a recommendation to the insurance company regarding the claim payout. This is based on the investigation, policy review, and damage assessment. They must negotiate with the claimant or their representative to reach a settlement that is agreeable to both parties.

5. Communication: Throughout the process, adjusters must maintain clear and consistent communication with all parties involved. They provide updates on the status of the claim and explain the reasons behind decisions regarding coverage and compensation.

6. Fraud Detection: Insurance fraud is a significant concern, and adjusters must be vigilant in detecting any suspicious activity. They are trained to identify red flags that may indicate fraudulent claims and take appropriate action to investigate further.

7. Continuing Education: The field of insurance is constantly evolving, and adjusters must keep up-to-date with changes in legislation, policy language, and industry standards. They often participate in continuing education and certification programs to enhance their skills and knowledge.

The role of an insurance adjuster is multifaceted and requires a unique blend of analytical skills, empathy, and attention to detail. They play a crucial role in the insurance ecosystem, ensuring that claims are processed efficiently and fairly, which ultimately contributes to the overall satisfaction of the policyholder and the financial stability of the insurance company.

3. Types of Insurance Claims and the Adjusters Role

navigating the world of insurance claims can be a complex and daunting task for many policyholders. It's a realm where the fine print becomes the main text, and the nuances of policy terms can make all the difference in the outcome of a claim. This is where the role of an insurance adjuster becomes pivotal. Adjusters are the bridge between the insurer and the insured, tasked with the critical job of investigating claims, assessing damage, determining policy coverage, and recommending settlement amounts. Their role is multifaceted and requires a deep understanding of both the letter and spirit of insurance policies, as well as a keen eye for detail and a fair measure of empathy.

From the perspective of the policyholder, the adjuster is often seen as the gatekeeper to their indemnity, the person whose assessment can either validate their loss or add to their woes. For insurers, adjusters are the safeguard against fraudulent claims and financial loss, ensuring that only valid claims are paid out. Balancing these perspectives requires adjusters to wear many hats, acting as investigators, negotiators, and sometimes, bearers of bad news.

1. Property Claims: These involve damage to physical property, such as homes or businesses. For example, after a natural disaster, adjusters may evaluate the extent of damage to a home, verify the cause of loss against the policy coverage, and calculate the cost of repairs.

2. Liability Claims: These arise when a policyholder is responsible for injury or damage to another party. An adjuster in this scenario would need to determine the policyholder's liability and the extent of the other party's injuries or damages.

3. health Insurance claims: Here, adjusters review medical records and bills to ascertain the validity of healthcare claims. They must understand medical terminology and procedures to accurately assess claims.

4. life Insurance claims: Adjusters in this category deal with verifying the circ*mstances of the insured's death and ensuring the policy was in force at the time of death.

5. auto Insurance claims: These claims involve vehicular accidents. Adjusters must inspect vehicle damage, assess repair costs, and often determine fault based on evidence and interviews with involved parties.

6. Workers' Compensation Claims: These claims are filed when an employee is injured on the job. Adjusters must navigate employment law, medical assessments, and workplace safety regulations to resolve these claims.

7. Catastrophe Claims: These are large-scale events like hurricanes or earthquakes. Adjusters may be sent to disaster zones to conduct mass assessments, often working under challenging conditions.

8. Business Interruption Claims: These claims involve losses due to the interruption of business operations. Adjusters must understand the intricacies of business accounting and operations to evaluate these claims accurately.

For instance, consider a property claim following a wildfire. An adjuster would visit the site, document the damage through photos and notes, interview the claimant and witnesses, and gather fire department and police reports. They would then review the policy to confirm coverage before calculating the claim value. Throughout this process, they must maintain impartiality, despite the emotional and financial stress the claimant may be experiencing.

Adjusters play a crucial role in the insurance ecosystem, ensuring that claims are settled fairly and efficiently. Their work not only impacts the financial stability of insurance companies but also the lives of those who rely on insurance proceeds to recover from loss. It's a balancing act that requires both technical knowledge and human understanding, making the adjuster's role both challenging and essential.

4. A Step-by-Step Guide

Navigating the intricacies of filing an insurance claim can often feel like a daunting task. It's a process that requires meticulous attention to detail, a clear understanding of policy provisions, and often, a healthy dose of patience. From the moment an incident occurs, claimants are thrust into a world of assessments, paperwork, and negotiations. For the uninitiated, this can be overwhelming, but even for seasoned policyholders, the nuances of each claim can present unique challenges. The journey from reporting an incident to receiving compensation is a complex one, involving multiple stakeholders, each with their own perspectives and interests. Insurers seek to validate claims against the policy terms, adjusters aim to assess the extent of loss accurately, and claimants strive to receive fair compensation for their losses. This section delves into the step-by-step process of filing a claim, offering insights from these varied viewpoints to demystify the procedure and provide practical advice for those embarking on this path.

1. Immediate Response and Documentation:

The first step in the claims process is to respond immediately to the incident. If it's a car accident, ensure everyone's safety and call emergency services if needed. Document everything at the scene with photos and notes. For instance, if you're involved in a minor car collision, taking pictures of the damage and exchanging information with the other driver can be invaluable later on.

2. Policy Review:

Before filing a claim, review your insurance policy thoroughly to understand what is covered and the extent of coverage. This will help set realistic expectations about what compensation you might receive. For example, if your policy covers 'replacement cost' for property damage, you'll receive the amount needed to replace the item, not just its depreciated value.

3. Initiating the Claim:

Contact your insurance provider as soon as possible to initiate the claim. Provide all necessary details about the incident and your policy number. In the case of property damage, this might involve describing the extent of damage and how it occurred.

4. Working with an Adjuster:

An insurance adjuster will be assigned to your case to evaluate the claim. They will inspect the damage, review documentation, and determine the claim's validity. For example, after a house fire, an adjuster will visit your home to assess the damage and estimate repair costs.

5. Claim Assessment:

The adjuster's assessment will include reviewing estimates for repairs, replacement costs, and any additional expenses incurred due to the loss. They may also interview witnesses or request further documentation.

6. Claim Resolution:

After the assessment, the adjuster will present a settlement offer based on the policy terms and the assessed damage. You have the right to negotiate this offer if you feel it doesn't adequately cover your losses. For instance, if the initial offer for a damaged roof seems too low, you can present quotes from contractors to support your case for a higher settlement.

7. Receiving Compensation:

Once the settlement is agreed upon, the insurer will issue payment. This may be a lump sum or multiple payments, depending on the nature of the claim and the policy terms.

Throughout each of these steps, communication is key. Keeping a detailed record of all interactions, being proactive in providing information, and asking questions when in doubt can significantly influence the outcome of your claim. Remember, each claim is unique, and while this guide provides a general framework, the specifics of your situation will dictate the exact process. By understanding these steps and preparing accordingly, you can navigate the claims process with greater confidence and clarity.

5. What to Expect?

When embarking on the journey of an insurance claim, the investigation phase steers the course of the entire process. It's a meticulous examination that requires patience, attention to detail, and a clear understanding of the procedures involved. From the perspective of the claimant, it's a period marked by uncertainty and anticipation, as they await the verdict on their claim. For the insurance adjuster, it's a systematic routine of gathering facts, analyzing information, and making informed decisions. The investigation is the backbone of the claims process, determining the legitimacy and value of the claim, and setting the stage for resolution.

1. Initial Contact: The adjuster reaches out to the claimant to gather preliminary information. This is a crucial step where the tone for the entire investigation is set. For example, a claimant reporting a car accident will be asked to provide details about the incident, the extent of the damages, and any third-party involvement.

2. Documentation Review: The adjuster reviews all relevant documents, including the policy, claim form, and any supporting evidence. An example here would be scrutinizing medical reports and bills in a personal injury claim to verify the treatment received and its costs.

3. Site Inspection: If applicable, the adjuster will inspect the site of the incident. In cases of property damage, this might involve a visit to a home or business to assess the damage firsthand.

4. Witness Interviews: The adjuster may interview any witnesses to the incident. This could involve formal statements or casual conversations to corroborate the claimant's account.

5. Expert Consultation: Sometimes, the adjuster will consult with experts like engineers, doctors, or mechanics. For instance, after a house fire, a structural engineer might be called upon to determine the integrity of the building.

6. Claimant Interaction: Throughout the investigation, the adjuster maintains communication with the claimant, providing updates and requesting additional information as needed. A claimant might be asked to submit a proof of loss form or additional evidence to support their claim.

7. Analysis and Evaluation: The adjuster analyzes all gathered information to make a determination on the claim. This involves comparing the claim details against the policy coverage and identifying any discrepancies or red flags.

8. Resolution: The final step is the resolution, where the adjuster either approves or denies the claim, or offers a settlement. For example, in a straightforward property damage claim, the adjuster might quickly approve repairs up to the policy limit.

Throughout each step, the adjuster must balance empathy with objectivity, ensuring that the claimant feels heard while also adhering to the policy terms and legal requirements. The claimant, on the other hand, should strive to provide complete and accurate information to facilitate a smooth investigation. The ultimate goal is a fair and timely resolution that reflects the true nature of the loss and the coverage provided. Navigating the investigation requires a collaborative effort, clear communication, and a shared commitment to integrity from all parties involved.

6. How Adjusters Determine Value?

When it comes to the world of insurance claims, the role of an adjuster is pivotal. These professionals are tasked with the critical job of assessing and evaluating claims to determine the value of an insured loss. This process is far from straightforward; it involves a complex interplay of policy details, legal considerations, and practical aspects of the damage or loss incurred. Adjusters must navigate through a maze of information, applying their expertise to arrive at a fair and just valuation that reflects the true cost of the loss within the bounds of the policy.

From the policyholder's perspective, the value is often perceived in terms of the immediate financial impact and the sentimental value attached to the lost or damaged items. They expect compensation that fully covers their loss and allows them to rebuild or replace what was lost. On the other hand, insurance companies look at the value through the lens of policy terms, depreciation, and the actual cash value versus the replacement cost. They aim to fulfill their contractual obligations while also managing their financial exposure.

Adjusters, therefore, must balance these perspectives with a methodical approach:

1. Reviewing the Policy: The first step is to understand the coverage limits, exclusions, and endorsem*nts. This sets the framework for what can be claimed.

2. Documenting the Loss: Adjusters gather evidence through photographs, receipts, and expert opinions to establish the extent of the damage.

3. Determining Depreciation: For items that lose value over time, adjusters calculate depreciation to arrive at the current actual cash value.

4. calculating Replacement cost: This involves estimating the cost to replace an item with a new one of similar kind and quality.

5. Applying Deductibles: The policy's deductible amount is subtracted from the total value of the claim.

6. Considering Salvage Value: If items can be salvaged and sold, this value may reduce the claim payout.

7. Negotiating Settlements: Adjusters may engage in negotiations with the policyholder to reach an agreed value for the claim.

For example, consider a homeowner who has suffered water damage to a 5-year-old high-end television. The policyholder may expect full replacement cost, but the adjuster will consider the television's depreciation and the policy's terms. If the policy covers replacement cost, the adjuster would estimate the cost of a new television of similar quality. If it covers actual cash value, they would calculate the depreciation to determine a fair market value at the time of loss.

The adjuster's evaluation is not just about numbers; it's about providing a service that upholds the promise of the insurance policy while also respecting the insurer's need for risk management. It's a delicate balance that requires not only analytical skills but also empathy and communication to guide policyholders through a difficult time. The ultimate goal is to ensure that all parties walk away feeling that the process was fair and equitable. This is the essence of the adjuster's mission in the realm of indemnity claims.

How Adjusters Determine Value - Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims

7. Tips and Strategies

Negotiating settlements is a nuanced process that requires a blend of psychological insight, legal knowledge, and strategic finesse. Whether you're an insurance adjuster, a claimant, or a legal representative, understanding the dynamics of negotiation can significantly influence the outcome of an indemnity claim. The goal is to reach an agreement that satisfies all parties involved, but getting there involves navigating through a maze of interests, emotions, and legal considerations. From the adjuster's perspective, it's about balancing the insurer's interests with the claimant's needs, while claimants are often seeking the maximum possible compensation for their losses. Legal representatives, on the other hand, aim to advocate for their client's best interests, which may involve pushing for a higher settlement or expediting the process to a resolution.

Here are some in-depth tips and strategies for negotiating settlements:

1. Understand the Claimant's Perspective: empathy can be a powerful tool in negotiations. By understanding the claimant's situation, adjusters can build rapport and trust, which can facilitate a smoother negotiation process. For example, recognizing the emotional impact of a car accident on the claimant can lead to a more human-centered approach to discussions.

2. Know the Policy Inside Out: As an adjuster, you must be intimately familiar with the policy details. This knowledge allows you to explain coverage limits and exclusions clearly, which can prevent misunderstandings and set realistic expectations. For instance, if a policy excludes certain types of water damage, being able to communicate this effectively can help manage the claimant's demands.

3. Use Objective Criteria: Base your negotiation on objective criteria such as repair costs, medical expenses, and lost wages. This helps to keep the conversation focused on facts rather than emotions. For example, presenting a detailed breakdown of repair costs from a reputable mechanic can help justify the settlement offer.

4. Prepare for Common Tactics: Claimants and their legal representatives may use tactics like anchoring, where they start with a high demand, or the 'nibble', asking for small concessions that add up. Being prepared for these tactics allows you to respond effectively without conceding more than necessary.

5. Employ Strategic Concessions: Sometimes, making a concession can move the negotiations forward. However, ensure that any concession is strategic and not just a means to an end. For example, offering to expedite a payment in exchange for a slightly lower settlement might be beneficial for both parties.

6. Communicate Clearly and Frequently: Regular updates can prevent frustration and keep the claimant informed about the progress of their claim. Clear communication also reduces the likelihood of disputes arising from misunderstandings.

7. Know When to Involve Legal Counsel: In cases where negotiations reach a stalemate, it may be prudent to involve legal counsel. Their expertise can help navigate complex legal issues and find a resolution.

8. Document Everything: Keep a detailed record of all communications and offers made during the negotiation process. This documentation can be invaluable if there is a dispute about what was agreed upon.

9. Stay Professional: Regardless of the claimant's demeanor, maintain a professional attitude. This helps to keep the negotiation on track and can prevent the escalation of tensions.

10. Consider the long-Term relationship: Especially in business claims, consider the long-term relationship with the claimant. A fair settlement can lead to future business, while a contentious negotiation can damage reputation.

By employing these strategies, those involved in the negotiation process can work towards a settlement that is fair and satisfactory for all parties. Remember, the art of negotiation is as much about human interaction as it is about numbers and facts. A successful adjuster is one who can navigate these waters with both tact and expertise.

Tips and Strategies - Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims

8. Accepting or Disputing the Adjusters Report

When you're faced with the adjuster's report, it marks a critical juncture in your indemnity claim process. This document, often dense with figures and legal jargon, represents the insurance company's assessment of your loss and their proposed financial responsibility. It's a moment fraught with decision: do you accept their offer, or do you dispute it? The choice is not to be taken lightly, as it can have significant financial implications and could set the tone for your relationship with your insurance provider moving forward.

From the policyholder's perspective, accepting the adjuster's report might seem like the path of least resistance. It promises a quicker resolution, funds for repairs or replacements, and an end to what may have been a stressful period. However, it's crucial to ensure that the settlement is fair and covers all your losses. Policyholders who feel the assessment is inadequate have the right—and sometimes the necessity—to dispute the report.

Insurance professionals, on the other hand, might argue that the adjuster's report is a balanced estimation of the claim, derived from a thorough investigation and adherence to the policy terms. They might stress that disputes can prolong the process and lead to further scrutiny of the claim.

Legal advisors often suggest a careful review of the adjuster's report with a professional to ensure that the settlement is just. They may point out that once you accept the settlement, it's typically final, and you may forfeit the right to seek additional compensation later.

Here's an in-depth look at the considerations for accepting or disputing the adjuster's report:

1. Review the Report Thoroughly: Ensure that you understand every aspect of the adjuster's report. Check that it reflects the reality of your loss and that all damages have been accounted for.

2. Understand Your Policy: Know the ins and outs of your insurance policy. What are you entitled to? Are there limits or exclusions that affect your claim?

3. Get a Second Opinion: Consider hiring an independent adjuster or a claims consultant to provide a second opinion on the damages and the repair costs.

4. Consider the Impact of Time: Disputing a claim can be a lengthy process. Weigh the potential benefits against the time and effort required.

5. Negotiate: Remember that the initial report is not necessarily the final offer. You can negotiate with the insurance company for a better settlement.

6. Legal Action: As a last resort, you can consider legal action. However, this can be costly and time-consuming, so it's important to assess the likelihood of a favorable outcome.

For example, let's say a homeowner receives an adjuster's report after a fire, which offers $50,000 for damages. However, the homeowner has contractor quotes totaling $70,000. In this case, the homeowner might choose to dispute the report, armed with evidence of the actual costs needed to restore their home.

Ultimately, the decision to accept or dispute the adjuster's report is a personal one, influenced by individual circ*mstances, the details of the policy, and the specifics of the loss. It's a decision that deserves careful consideration and, when necessary, professional guidance to ensure that your rights are protected and your recovery from the loss is as complete as possible.

Accepting or Disputing the Adjusters Report - Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims

9. The Adjusters Continuing Education and Ethics

In the ever-evolving landscape of insurance, the role of an adjuster transcends the mere assessment of claims. It is a profession that demands continuous education and a steadfast commitment to ethical practices. The adjuster's journey doesn't end with the settlement of a claim; it extends into a realm of perpetual learning and adherence to a code of conduct that upholds the integrity of the insurance industry. This commitment to ongoing education ensures that adjusters are equipped with the latest knowledge and tools to handle complex claims, while ethics serve as the compass that guides their decisions and actions.

From the perspective of regulatory bodies, continuing education is not just encouraged but often mandated to maintain licensure. This ensures that adjusters are not only aware of the current laws and regulations but also the nuances of new policies and emerging trends in the industry. On the other hand, insurance companies view this education as a means to enhance the skills of their adjusters, thereby improving the quality of service provided to policyholders. Adjusters themselves find that this education empowers them to handle claims more efficiently and with greater confidence.

Here are some in-depth insights into the importance of continuing education and ethics for adjusters:

1. Regulatory Compliance: Adjusters must stay abreast of changes in legislation that affect claim handling. For example, a new law might dictate a different approach to evaluating property damage, which adjusters need to understand and apply.

2. Industry Standards: As claim complexity increases, adjusters must be familiar with industry standards and best practices. This could include understanding how to use advanced software for claim estimation or being aware of the latest techniques in fraud detection.

3. Ethical Dilemmas: Adjusters often face ethical dilemmas, such as conflicts of interest or pressure to settle a claim quickly. Continuing education in ethics provides them with frameworks to make the right decisions. For instance, an adjuster might be offered a bribe to expedite a claim. Ethical training would reinforce the importance of reporting such offers and adhering to company policies.

4. Customer Service: Education in communication and customer service skills is vital. Adjusters must often deliver bad news, such as claim denials, and doing so with empathy and clarity can make a significant difference.

5. Specialized Knowledge: Certain claims, like those involving environmental damage or cyber liability, require specialized knowledge. Ongoing education allows adjusters to specialize and become experts in specific claim types.

To illustrate, consider the case of a natural disaster where adjusters must quickly assess a large volume of claims. Those with up-to-date training in disaster assessment will not only process claims more efficiently but also ensure that policyholders receive fair compensation, reflecting positively on the ethical standards of the adjuster and the insurance company.

The pursuit of knowledge and the adherence to ethical standards are not just professional requirements but are the very pillars that support the adjuster's role in the insurance industry. They ensure that adjusters are not only competent in their technical skills but also trusted by policyholders and respected by their peers. This dual commitment to education and ethics is what enables adjusters to navigate the complexities of claims and emerge as champions of consumer protection and industry excellence.

The Adjusters Continuing Education and Ethics - Insurance Adjuster: The Insurance Adjuster: Your Guide Through Indemnity Claims